Soil Pollution and Plant Efficiency Indices for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal(loid)s: Two-Decade Study (2002–2021)

This paper reviews research on phytoremediation (2002–2021), particularly for the estimation of plant efficiency and soil pollution indices, examining extraction metals from plants growing under both artificial (spiked with specific metal) natural conditions. From analysis >200 published experimental results, it was found that contamination factor geo-accumulation index as well translocation bioconcentration factors are most important metrices, respectively, which gaining importance to assess level metal its transfer find a better clean-up strategy phytoremediation. To access concentration, widely accepted extractants dissolve extract were HNO3 HClO4 (mainly in 5:1; v/v or 4:1; v/v), used studies. Moreover, such Pteris vittata, Monochoria korsakowi, Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis, Ricinus communis, Siegesbeckia orientalis can act hyperaccumulators experiments be directly implemented into fields without checking their further